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freeze-thaw durability

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  • Cast stone — is defined as “a refined architectural concrete building unit manufactured to simulate natural cut stone, used in unit masonry applications”. In the UK and Europe cast stone is defined as “any material manufactured with aggregate and cementitious …   Wikipedia

  • Protection of exposed concrete — is necessary to prolong its service life. A 120 year design life for concrete infrastructure has become increasingly common. Without early preventive maintenance this design life target may be optimistic. The design service life of reinforced… …   Wikipedia

  • Air entrainment — is the intentional creation of tiny air bubbles in concrete. The bubbles are introduced into the concrete by the addition to the mix of an air entraining agent, a surfactant (surface active substance, a type of chemical that includes detergents) …   Wikipedia

  • TexSys — [http://pavements.ce.utexas.edu/TexSys/ TexSys] is a web based application serving as a Texas Expert System for the selection of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). TexSys is the product of a Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) study, TxDOT Project 0… …   Wikipedia

  • Reinforced concrete — is concrete in which reinforcement bars ( rebars ), reinforcement grids, plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen the concrete in tension. It was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in 1867.[1] The term… …   Wikipedia

  • building construction — Techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of structures. Early humans built primarily for shelter, using simple methods. Building materials came from the land, and fabrication was dictated by the limits of the materials and… …   Universalium

  • surface coating — ▪ chemistry Introduction       any mixture of film forming materials plus pigments, solvents, and other additives, which, when applied to a surface and cured or dried, yields a thin film that is functional and often decorative. Surface coatings… …   Universalium

  • Water-cement ratio — is the ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. It has an important influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower water cement ratio leads to higher strength and durability, but may make the mix more… …   Wikipedia

  • Concrete — This article is about the construction material. For other uses, see Concrete (disambiguation). Outer view of the Roman Pantheon, still the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome.[1] …   Wikipedia

  • Fly ash — Photomicrograph made with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification Fly ash is one of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not… …   Wikipedia

  • Insulated siding — is a composite building material introduced in the 1990s. It is home siding that includes rigid foam insulation, fused behind the exterior surface of the wall, for the purpose of reducing energy consumption, increasing the insulation value of the …   Wikipedia

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